Epidemiology Of Acne Vulgaris Health And Social Care Essay

My name is Nazar Hussain Malik. I am, presently working as a G.P with a medical group of a Dermatologist and household doctors in Toronto, Canada. Medical installation opens fives yearss a hebdomad from Monday to friday. There are about 1500 dermatology patients go toing per twelvemonth, on either assignment or referral footing. Most of go toing patients have diseases like eczema, acne, skin infections, hair and nails infections, and psoriasis and tegument malignant neoplastic disease. I am go toing dermatology patient ‘s direction. My selected patient name is Nancy ( name changed ) who is a 17 old ages old miss who is populating with her parents. Her female parent is Chinese and male parent is Indian. She was born and raised in Toronto. Her male parent and female parent work together in a departmental shop with an mean income. Nancy has been go toing an art college in the metropolis. Background Epidemiology is defines as the distribution of diseases and associated wellness and unwellness factors that influence the happening of disease at epidemic and endemic level.It is related with environmental and personal factors by topographic point, clip and and polpulation.Epidemiology helps to inform evidence-based medical specialty for placing hazard factors for disease in finding intervention attack. Acne vulgaris is most common disease in Uk and other universe.It is found in over 80 % of adolescence population of different ages. Acne is more common in males than in females. In maturity, acne vulgaris is more common in adult females than in work forces Prevalence of acne in a community sample of 14- to 16-year-olds in the UK has been recorded as 50 % . Acne affects 40 to 50 1000000s peoples in United provinces and 3 to 5 1000000s in Australia. Acne was the showing ailment in 3.1 % of people aged 13 to 25 old ages go toing primary attention in a UK population. Overall incidence is similar in both work forces and adult females, and extremums at 17 old ages of age. The figure of grownups with acne, including people over 25 old ages, is increasing. All races are affected by acne. Cystic acne is prevailing in the Mediterranean part from Spain to Iran. Acne vulgaris is a common chronic pilosebaceous inflammatory disease of face, back and chest. Most of the Patients with acne vulgaris see a important psychological morbidity and mortality. Depression, anxiousness and self-destructive ideation are the most common of psychological jobs. ICD-10- INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES CODES L70. Acne L70.0 – Acne Vulgaris F32.2 – depressive episode In my hunt schemes, I used following web sites, Links and databases, to happen out articles, researches, abstracts, surveies, systematic reappraisals, RCT and Meta-analysis, I used following learning resources, University of Hertfordshire Database by Study Net, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, National institute for wellness and clinical Excellence. ( NICE, CKS, NHS ) , BMJ group grounds Centre, EADV. European academy of dermatology and venereology, Science Direct and Scopus, DermetNZ ( World Wide Web, dermnetnz, org ) , Google bookman through StudyNet. , WHO, DSM-IV Criteria and ICD-10-CA ( International statistical categorization of diseases and related wellness jobs 1oth alteration, Canada ) and CCI ( Canadian categorization of wellness intercessions ) . I used following hunt footings and hunt sets. Acne, acne vulgaris, epidemiology, aetiology, genetic sciences, pathophysiology, depression, anxiousness, To Identify cardinal beginnings of information, I used MeSH schemes, Boo lean operators to contract and broaden my hunt scheme. I applied Limits of English linguistic communication, human surveies, confirmed diagnosing, full text articles, grounds based record, life scientific disciplines, wellness and societal scientific disciplines. My inclusion standards was grownups and kids, confirmed diagnosing. My exclusion standards was babies, critically sick patients Evidences of strong association found between Acne and depression. Following surveies prove a relationship between Acne and Depression, Anxiety. Pouran Layegh, Hamid Reza Arshadi et al.Aug-2010, a comparative survey on the prevalence of Depression and self-destructive ideation in dermatology patients enduring from psoriasis, Acne, alopecia areata and vitilgo. , Persian Journal of Dermatology, Vol 13, No 4,2010. , ( Iran J Dermatol 2010 ; 13: 106-11 ) . , In this comparative survey of Depression, entire figure of qualified topics was 300 between the ages of 11 to 64 old ages. To look into the prevalence of Depression, BDI ( Beck Depression Inventory ) graduated table was used. 78 ( 26 % ) were enduring from Acnes, 62 ( 20.7 % ) from Psoriasis. 73 ( 24.3 % ) fro alopecia areata and 87 ( 29 % ) from vitilgo. This survey has provided conclusive grounds that childs with even mild grade of acne are more prone to Depression. K.Yazici, K.Baz-2004, Disease specific quality of life in patients with anxiousness and Depression with Acne. , JEADV.2004.18.435.439. , This survey includes 61 patients with acne vulgaris and 38 healthy voluntaries. Acne badness was assessed utilizing Global Acne Grading System ( GAGS ) .All participants completed followerss. Acne quality of life graduated table ( AQOL ) , Dermatology life quality index ( DLQI ) and Hospital anxiousness and depression graduated table ( HAD ) .The rate of topics at hazard of anxiousness was significantly higher In the patients group ( 26.2 % ) than in control group ( 0 % ) ( p=0.001 ) . MY SCOPE OF REVIEWS. cardinal issues, Epidemiology of Acne Acne and quality of life of my patient Cuases of Acne Incidende and prevalence of acne. Psychosocial effects on my patient. Critical Analysis and Analysis of current Literature. HISTORY EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS 17 twelvemonth old Nancy has been sing our Practice installation since last 7 old ages.She visited in company of her parent. She told that she was merely 12 old ages old when acne start looking on her face by the clip she started her menses. Acne occupied beyond face toward cervix, shoulder, back and chest. After a twelvemonth she has legion acne, with a combination of white and black caput blackheads, musca volitanss, cysts, little ruddy bumps that feel stamp to touch, papules, pustules, and nodules. These acnes were sore, itchy and seeping out on rubing. She has experienced repeated episodes of acnes several clip. For intervention of acne, she used several over the counter readyings. Her female parent is Chinese and male parent is Indian. They gave her many Chinese and Indian redresss as good. When I asked Nancy about how acne started, she start shouting. Here is the narrative as she told. I was merely 12 old ages old when I saw a hickey over my face on right side of my olfactory organ. Following hebdomad I saw another pimple.I was in Grade 6 and did non notice.But following twenty-four hours a category chap pointed at my face and get down laughing.I asked why are you express joying. She told you look like a wild African adult female with points on face. In following few months I saw a large harvest of hickeies until the I saw a large cystic hickey around my nose and above my lip. It was really painfull. I got some on my brow between my superciliums. I thought it was for a clip being and will travel off shortly. Pimple were mending up rapidly and a new hickey was coming up. My tegument was still baby smooth. My acne truly flared when I was in grade 10. I avoided mirror and had to cover up my face most of the clip, walked around with a skining face from all the rough medical specialties. It was a muss. I had everything that you could call with any words. Painful cysts o n my cheek, comedos on my olfactory organ on both sides, my superciliums, random one on my mentum and brow. My female parent helped me a batch in doing me mentally prepared to confront all sort of state of affairs and making intervention. I started art college with the emphasis. I had about 10 deep ruddy hickeies bunch around my cheek Sides, I have been left with cicatrixs from these. My tegument will ne'er look just like before. I have marking on my cheeks, big pores on my cheeks and olfactory organ from the stupid comedos, and I have noticed more and more broken blood vass on my cheeks. For her acne job, Nancy visited two other GP offices, but acne were non relieved. She noticed that acne were more troublesome during monthly periods, eating fatty repasts, nuts and eggs. She realized that other pupils were looking at her face and express joying with remarks. It was aching her each clip. Even instructors did non like her face. She was barely maintaining her attending at the art college. She came to dermatology office 4 old ages ago for the intervention of her acne. Along with acne, she has been enduring from symptoms of anxiousness and depression due to failure in intervention and facial disfiguring. Her troubles were aggravated, when a miss started express joying while looking at her face full of acne. She wishes she could conceal her face. She feels helter-skelter, agitated and covetous when she sees any beautiful adult female. On her first visit she said she can non digest agonising antsy acne on her face and organic structure. In Family, her female parent has been enduring from Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus.Her female parent has history of acne in adolescent age. Her male parent is basking a good wellness. Her expansive male parent died of long standing Diabetes Mellitus several old ages ago. In medicine history she has used several over antagonistic medicines, like clearasil attention, Rezamid Lotion, Sulphur unction, salicylic acid, Glycolic acid. The she tried topical Benzyole peroxide lotion, topical azaleic acid, unwritten Erythrocin and Achromycin. To command her anxiousness she used some tranquiller on occasion. She besides attend a decorative clinic to better her face before go toing any meeting. Acnes are classified in to, Type 1. comedonal, trim no scarring. Type 11. comedonal, popular, moderate scarring. Type 111. comedonal, popular and pustular with scarring. Type 1V. Nodulocystic acnes, terrible scarring. The Leeds Scoring System. we evaluate the badness by numbering figure of lesion by technique on a graduated table from 0 to 10 by utilizing ba exposure as a mention standard.. A mark of 10 is terrible. Here is photograph with acnes, By numbering the figure of acne lesions Leeds mark is calculated. TABLE- 1 The Cardiff Acne Disability Index NO Questions Mark 1 As a consequence of holding acne, during the last month have you been aggressive, frustrated or embarrassed? ( a ) Very much so ( B ) A batch ( degree Celsius ) A small ( vitamin D ) Not at all 2 2 Do you believe that holding acne during the last month interfered with your day-to-day societal life, societal events or relationships with members of the opposite sex? ( a ) Badly, impacting all activities ( B ) Reasonably, in most activities ( degree Celsius ) Occasionally or in merely some activities ( vitamin D ) Not at all 2 3 During the last month have you avoided public altering installations or have oning swimming costumes because of your acne? ( a ) All of the clip ( B ) Most of the clip ( degree Celsius ) Occasionally ( vitamin D ) Not at all 3 4 How would you depict your feelings about the visual aspect of your tegument over the last month? ( a ) Very down and suffering ( B ) Normally concerned ( degree Celsius ) Occasionally concerned ( vitamin D ) Not bothered 3 5 Please bespeak how bad you think your acne is now: ( a ) The worst it could perchance be ( B ) A major job ( degree Celsius ) A minor job ( vitamin D ) Not a job 3Instruction manuals for hitingThe marking of each reply is as follows: ( a ) 3 ( B ) 2 ( degree Celsius ) 1 ( vitamin D ) 0 The CADI mark is calculated by summing the mark of each inquiry ensuing in a possible upper limit of 15 and a lower limit of 0. The higher the mark, the more the quality of life is impaired. Entire Mark 13 TABLE-2. DLQI INDEX DLQI- DERMATOLOGY LIFE QUALITY INDEX Calculation The purpose of this questionnaire is to mensurate how much your tegument job has affected your life over the last hebdomad. Please tick one box for each inquiry. No Questions Tonss 1 How antsy your tegument 2 2 How abashed or self witting Because of tegument Mark 2 3 How much has your tegument interfered with you traveling shopping or looking after your place or garden 1 4 How much has your tegument influenced your apparels 1 5 How much has your tegument affected any societal activities 2 6 How much has your tegument made it hard for athletics 0 7 Has your tegument prevented you from working or analyzing. 1 8 How much has your tegument created jobs with your spouse, or any of your close friends or relations 2 9 How much has your tegument caused any sexual troubles 0 10 How much of a job has the intervention for your tegument been, for illustration by doing your place messy or by taking up clip 2 Entire Tonss 13 TABLE-3. COOK GRADING SCALE FOR OVERALL for Severity of Acne. Badness of Acnes Grade description 0 Need non be perfect ; 3 little blackheads and/or papules are permitted, if they are scattered 2 Very few pustules, up to 3 twelve papules and/or blackheads ; no large or outstanding lesions ; lesions are barely seeable from 2.5m off 4 Between grades 2 and 6. Red lesions and redness are present to a important grade. Worthy of intervention 6 Numerous blackheads, but no redness or inflammatory lesions, legion pustules, lesions easy recognised at 2.5m, some pustules may be rather big ( 1-2 centimeter ) 8 Conglobata, fistula or cystic type acne or Highly inflammatory acne covering most of the face ; xanthous pustules extend to make out and chin..Diagnosis of Acne vulgaris was made on the footing of clinical symptoms. Presence and location of acne with itchiness, Following lesions were found on face cervix, shoulder and back with a combination of Whitehead and comedo blackheads, musca volitanss, cysts, little ruddy bumps, papules, pustules, pigmentations, cicatrixs and nodules. These acnes were sore, itchy and seeping out on rubing. She has experienced repeated episodes of acnes several clip. psychosocial factors present were depression with anxiousness and societal isolation. Hazard factors included were the age of 17, familial sensitivity, oily tegument, dietetic contents, pubescence anxiousness and tenseness. Following probes were done to guarantee that there was no other organic cause which may do dermatological and psychiatric symptoms or may interfere with the intervention. Full blood count, nephritic map trials, Liver map trial, a fasting lipid profile. Thyroid map trials, , B12, Folates, serum drug screen and tegument biopsy, EPIDEMIOLOGY. Causes. Exact cause of Acne is unknown. Most common myths about the causing of Acne vulgaris are increased sebum secernment, hapless hygiene, familial sensitivity, a high glycemic diet, oily nutrients, cocoa, spicy repasts, emphasis degree, puberty endocrines, infections with a bacteria p. acnes, Acnes are abnormalcy of greasy secretory organs attached to the hair follicles, found in cuticle. Greasy secretory organs usually produce an greasy substance called sebum. Due to multiple grounds these greasy secretory organs over secrete sebum, which mixes with dead tegument cells formation of ceratin and sebum stopper in the follicle. Proliferation of bacteria propionibacterium acnes releases free fatty acids and neutrophills, which destroys pilocebaceous secretory organs bring forthing enzyme liposes. Blackheads are produced by choke offing of greasy secretory organs with sebum, dead tegument cells and commensal bacteria, propionibacterium acnes. The sulting redness give rise to papules, septic pustules, nodules, cicatrixs and pigmentation in the corium Familial Factors. Nancy told that her female parent had a strong history of acne vulgaris in the same age†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Incidence. Prevalence CRITICAL EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS CONCLUSION AND REFLECTION CONSENT FORM Patient was in abroad. Presently, it non possible to recover the signed consent signifier.

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Ethics in computing or Data Protection Act Research Paper

Ethics in computing or Data Protection Act - Research Paper Example This requires safeguarding data through viable planning. This may require data reliable data back up and protection. These protections required for data are regulated by the data protection Act (1998). While these Acts seemed comprehensive at the time of legislation, they have come to show that there are a number of loop holes that can be exploited by various interest groups to achieve their ends (Strobl, Cave, &, Walley, 2000). According to Strobl, Cave, &, Walley, (2000), data protection is a regulation that places me in an awkward position while doing my project on data bases. This act made it very important for me to ensure I introduce structures geared at protecting the information of the data subjects. To ensure that I never contravened the data protection Act or anybody using the databases does not override the data protection act, I ensured that the available controls provided by the existing file systems are upgraded and if possible combined to improve the level of security of the data (Per Arne Godejord, 2008). While this was not only focused on ensuring that the data inside were protected and that the data subjects rights are upheld, I had to ensure that I had in place proper structures for Access control and auditing. However, I had to come up with plans to ensure that the authentication and encryption processes are always up to date. Updating the programs helped me maintain the integrity of the files. Though it is a requirement of the data protection act to ensure that, the personal data are fairly processed. I had to ensure that I carried out a vulnerability assessment and compliance. This is in line with the requirement of that Act that any personal data be processed in fair and lawful manners. Vulnerability assessment and compliance is important in ensuring that data are not processed against the wish of the data subject. After assessing vulnerability, I also configured

Strategy Management Essay Example for Free

Strategy Management Essay 1. Current situation overview Nowadays, the world video games market has become conspicuous and profitable, resulted by rapid increase of amount by video games players. The key assessment for winning in video games market is to attract the consumers to buy and focus. Meanwhile, the current situation of video games industry has become more competitive, which dominated by Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Xbox 360 and Sony PlayStation 3. This case sketches a framework of video games historical development for past a few decades and the future strategic prospection by Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Xbox 360 and Sony PlayStation 3. In addition, this case also describes the innovations and course of actions for broadening the market share holding by Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony. Moreover, those companies have renewed their own console generation and technology in order to gain competitive advantages in the video games market. During the recent stage of video games development, the players are not only focusing on ‘just playing a game’, but also they will consider the games’ design, art, animation and quality assurance. 2. Summary of macro environment analysis The macro environment analysis is relevant to the long-term strategic thinking which focus on the factors in the wider environment, those factors include economic, political, social, demographic, international, sustainability and technological. The purpose of the macro-environment analysis is to summarize the complex and uncertain information in particular the company impact by macro-environment to figure out the demand for products and service in the market. Determining the macro-environment is the way that firms in an industry produce and distribute their outputs, and the way in which organizations are able to compete with one another (Hubbard, Rice Beamish 2008 p. 76). In addition, macro-environment analysis is also able to distribute the product and service and establish the trends for the future development of the industry (Haberberg and Rieple 2008, p.105). Those factors concerned have been analyzed in appendix 1, also including the determent of effects on the industry growth (positive or negative). 2.1 Economic factor By viewing the analyzed contents in appendix 1, overall information analyzed  has been demonstrated that the current economic situation for the video games industry is definitely seems to be worse because of the economic recession worldwide. The trend of the purchasing power for video games console seems to be downwards by recent years because of the decrease of people’s disposable income. Furthermore, generally considering the reasonable inflation of raw material and hardware accessories is getting higher and higher, which may result to the cost for consoles is increasing. 2.2 Political/legal factor â€Å"Political factors define the legal and regulatory parameters within which firms must operate (Pearce Robinson 2009, p.97). These affect the business and its managers to a great extent. As the political factors analyzed in contents of appendix 1, it is expected to have a negative effect on future industry growth. For instance in China, the government has issued the regulation on video and online games, which has limitation for playing by 4 hours per day which people who under 18. People must make a registration via internet by updating their identification card number, real names and address who under 18. Considering most of the customers with video games are 17 to 33, this regulation may have negative impacts on the video games industry. Additionally, the government also issued the violence restriction in the video games market, which classifies the violence level to the games, in order to protect the children to avoid aggression and violence. However, as the fact that, according to the evidence showed by Dietz (1998, p.425), nearly 80% of the video games includes aggression or violence as part of the strategy or object. While 27% of the games contained socially acceptable aggression, nearly half included violence directed specifically at others and 21% depicted violence directed at women. According to the establishment showed as above, most video games contains huge amount of aggression and violence contents, the government regulation should have negative impact on video games industry growth beyond reasonable concerns of mental protection for children. 2.3 Social/cultural factor As this part of factors impact by social and cultural, this part probably does not have too much impacts whether positive or negative on industry  growth. Accomplishing with the globalization over the world, video games are hot and popular in current stage of period in development. Focusing on this circumstance, the video game industry tends to design the games with cultural diversity and culture preference. For instance by Xbox 360, has designed some games which suitable for some countries under preference, such as some sports games like NFL in US, AFL in Australia. Furthermore, Sony also designed a game ‘Dynasty Warriors’, which describes a real history in ancient China, a dynasty with disorder. Moreover, some cultural factor by religion difference must be also concerned for the industry growth. Actually in some countries, such as some mid-east countries, the violence games are banned under religion efforts. 2.4 Demographic factor By reviewing this part of analysis, the demographic factor should be considered with population, gender and age, and indeed have positive effect on the industry growth. The video game industry is now attempting to look for their ‘new’ players belonged. The industry has been designed more different types of games which suitable for women and even the elder. The trend of impact by demographic factor is rapidly increasing by recent years in particular with the demand by women and the elder for video games. As the fact that has been mentioned before, the most video game consumers is 18-44, now, the new strategy for broadening the consumer base is now expected and being concerned by the video game industry. This may contribute to increase the population by playing video games, which may result to increase the sales of consoles. In fact, Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony have also focused on difference breakdown by gender and age, which means that to make the games be varied and mu lti-suitable for people. 2.5 International factor Globalization has been contributed to the success for video game industry, which breakdown the trade barriers between countries. In fact, according to Consalvo (2006), the video game industry and culture can be recognized in the transnational corporations that contribute to its formation and development, which contribute to the cultural exchange between countries. This also advantages to the video games industry which has positive effects  on industry growth because the games may become more acceptable for the people who under different cultural background. 2.6 Sustainability factor This factor is considering the sustainability of the video game industry in future. In fact, the video game entertainment absolutely has many substitutes. Therefore, the trend for the industry development maybe seems to downward in future depend on the changing and unpredictable people’s favors. People have rights to select their own favors to entertain as they want, such as sports, karaoke, twitter, and facebook. Moreover, the current video game market situation is likely to be saturated, which Grand (2010, p.687) states that, almost 40% of the US households have their own consoles, which means that the industry must spend huge amount of money to renew the consoles annually to keep their products be competitive and preferable in order to make the console be ‘sustainable’. 2.7 Technological factor Technology is the most significant factor which must be considered by the video games industry. From the evaluation by the appendix 1, the industry growth displayed an overall negative effort on the video game industry. In fact, a console generation renewing must spend nearly a decade period from structuring to publishing, which spend too much time and money to renew. Despite the huge cost and longtime preparing on console renewing, even the games titles also must be spend a lot of time. Actually, according to the study by Grant, (2010, p685) there are some evidences to show that a new title game which from designing to publishing, approximately taking 18-36 months to complete based on a new platform. Comparing with the ‘big 3’ in this case, they have their own advantaged areas in technology development. For instance, PS3 has Blu-ray DVD strategy on their consoles, which have fantastic game’s feature, Xbox 360’s positioning eschewed technology in favor of versatility, design and hardware’s multifunctionality, Wii even lacked the advanced features of either the Xbox 360 or PS3, but its remote wand-like controller is innovative and easy learning, which can concludes that overall the advantaged area by the ‘big 3’, is based on the technology support, which means that the technology factor is quite significant to the  video game industry. Therefore, the trend of impacting power by technology is increasing. 3. Summary of industry environment analysis Michael Porter claims that the five competitive forces influence the state of competition in any industry, and collectively determine the profit potential of the industry as whole (Hubbard, Rice Beamish 2008). The purpose of the industry analysis is to determine the ultimate profit potential in the industry, where profit potential is measured in terms of long-run return on invested capital. 3.1 Threats of new entrants There are some sufficient evidences which demonstrate that the threats of new entrants are extremely low. In fact, the video games industry is dominated by the ‘big 3’ in this current stage of period. PS3, Microsoft and Nintendo have their own loyalty with the brand, which ensures the consumers’ confidence on their product. On the contrary, the new entrants do not have such brand loyalty as the ‘big 3’ does. Consumers maybe have less confidence rather than PS3 or Xbox 360 on the product quality. In addition, the ‘big 3’ has incomparable advantages, which leading in technology and experience on software development. Furthermore, the capital of equipment and technology cost huge amount of money, the ‘big 3’ have their own experienced and professional designing team for innovation and technological development. New entrants are difficult to maintain and develop their business unless sufficient finance supports. 3.2 Bargaining power of suppliers The overall impact raking for bargaining power by the suppliers is high, based on the appendix 2 bargaining power of suppliers’ analysis. In fact, the supplier also called publisher is few and monopoly in the video game market, which result to the profitability with the supplier. The publishers are responsible for financing, manufacturing, marketing and distributing video games. Grant (2010, p.688) also states that video game publishing is increasingly dominated by a few companies, such as electronic Arts, Konami, take-two Interactive and Activision. This may contribute to the suppliers  have more powerful bargaining power to the industry. In addition, the supplier has low switching cost in the market. 3.3 Bargaining power of buyers The consumers have low switching cost on the products, which depends on the product’s quality, price and product preference by the consumers. Moreover, the video game industry must also be aware the other entertainment, which have possibility to substitutes the video game industry. Furthermore, the buyer profitability factor is considering with the buyers’ disposable income, if the income is high, the bargaining power by the consumers is high, otherwise is low. As the fact that, the current situation for the economy is worse and unemployment rate is getting higher, thus the buyers are seem to be unprofitable, indeed the bargaining power for buyers is low. 3.4 Power of substitutes The power of substitutes is strong, which displayed by the competition between PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii. The ‘big 3’ companies have dominated the video game market and attempt to gain competitive advantages via using their innovative ideas and technology. The most important factor considered by the consumers is the products’ price and quality, focusing on this concern, the Wii may win in the market by sales because of the cheaper price of consoles. However, it not means that the Wii can substitute either Xbox 360 or PS3. Actually, the key assessment for winning in video games market is to catch the consumers’ propensity. Furthermore, despite the internal competition by the industry, also the other entertainments have possibilities to substitute the video game industry. Thus, it is difficult to predict the video game whether may be substituted in the future. 3.5 Intensity of industry rivals It is absolutely high barriers to exit in the video games industry, unlike the PC games industry. According to the study by Williams (2002, p46), which states that PC games manufacturing fees are significantly lower versus console games, because PC games need only CD duplications, a jewel box, instructions and a box, typically $2-3 total per unit. However, comparing with the PC games industry, console development requires ‘development kit’  typically costing $10 to $20 thousand. In addition, Grant (2010, p688) also mentions that the huge cost by video games development is result of the demand for multi-featured, which contribute to the significant cost on technological talents hiring, equipment cost and advertising. Thus, video games industry must be high barriers to exit because of the significant cost efforts. 4. Interconnections between macro-environment analysis and industry environment analysis Reviewed to the above macro-environment analysis and industry environment analysis, there are some interconnections between them, which are sustainability factor, related to the presence of substitute inputs. This highlight must be considered by the video game industry, because the preview of sustainability to the industry development is quite important. The key assessment for the industry development is to keep their products ‘un-substituted’ and competitive. Therefore, the industry must focus on the innovation and technological development by their games and console in order to keep the video game ‘long-being’ for the future. 5. Recommendation Technology and innovation play a main role in the video games industry. The video game industry is so profitable that many new entrants may want to enter the industry. However, the industry looks like ‘unhealthy’ because PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii have dominated the industry for a decade. Furthermore, the current economic situation is still on recession, and may last a few years. This may contribute the cost of consoles increase, and decrease the sales of consoles result by the people’s income decrease. Actually, it is hard to preview the future of video game development, but, by now, the video game market has saturated, even the technology and innovation is good. Form the figures evaluated by Flacy (2011), the video game sales over July dropped over 25 percent year over year and have fallen to the lowest levels since 2006. Total sales in July 2011 amounted to $707 million while sales just a year ago in July 2010 topped $960 million. The reasons for the decline by sales should be varied, as mentioned before, which causing by the economic recession and market saturation. Moreover, the people’s favors may  also change; video game playing is not the only way for people to entertain because people can entertain by the other ways. Thus, the video game industry development is getting tough and unpredictable for the future, even the recession has over. Appendix 1 – details of macro-environment analysis Environment factor| Comment| Effect on industry growth| Economic factor| | |  global finance crisis| Widely impact on the manufacturing industry| negative| inflation| price of raw material and console accessories increased, result to the cost increase| negative| Economic recession| People’s disposable income decreasedreducing purchasing power| negative| Overall: negative| Political/legal factor| | | Government issue for video game violence| Legislation for classifying the amount of violence under age. | negative| Regulation for playing limitation| Time limitation for playing under 18 | negative| Overall: negative| Social/cultural factor| | | Multiculturalism| Different cultural background’s people may have different type of favors on video games| Positive| Religion| Some violence games is restricted by some countries under religion efforts| Negative| Overall: medium| Demographic factor| | | Population numbers| Attracting more ‘new’ consumers possibly. Attracting more customers means increasing sales.| positive| Gender difference breakdown| Designing more games which suitable for women playing, make the games be varied.| positive| Age difference breakdown| Video game is not only designed for 18-33, which could possibly consider to attract some aging player| Positive| Overall: positive| International factor| | | Globalization| Reducing the trade barriers for games imports and exports| positive| Overall: positive| Sustainability factor| | | Substitution by other entertainments| More and more entertainments can substitutes the video games, such as sports, karaoke, twitter, facebook etc.| negative| Strikes by online games| Computer games are seemed more popular and preferable.| Negative| Market saturation| More and more rivals tend to enter the video games market to gain advantages.| Negative| Overall: negative| Technological factor| | | Lack by renewing generation| Console generation needs to spend a lot of time and money for generation renewing| negative| Long time for designing a new title game| Taking 18-36 months to complete a new title based on a new platform | negative| Console generation (PS3)| Fantastic games’ feature (HD) based on Blu-ray drive technology.| Positive| Console generation (Xbox 360)| Large amount of titles by games, multifunctionality based on high-technology support.| Positive| Console generation (Wii)| Easy to control, hand movement based on their innovative ideas and technology. | Positive| Overall: positive| Appendix 2 details of industry environment analysis Items| Issue analysis| Impact ranking: extremely low, low, medium, high extremely high.| Threats of new entrants | | | Product differentiation| If a company wants to survive even win in the competitive market, a unique product with considerable difference must be offered. Wii, Xbox 360 and PS3 has achieved this as well| Extremely high| Brand loyalty| Company must have their own brand loyalty which can prevent new entrants from making their way into the market. Wii, Xbox 360 and PS3 have extremely great loyalty with their brand.| Extremely high| Economic of scales| Wii, Xbox 360 and PS3 have large sales on their product every year. It is tough for new entrants to have such huge finances to fund | Medium| Capital equipment and technology development| Wii, Xbox 360 and  PS3 have their own experienced and professional designing team for innovation and technological development. New entrants are hard to maintain their business unless sufficient finance supports.| High| Government policy| Many industries are either owned or regulated by the government, causing barriers for entry.| high| Overall: extremel y high | Bargaining power of suppliers| | | Switching cost of suppliers| The switching cost of suppliers is low| Medium| Supplier concentration| The supplier will have strong bargaining power if there are only a small number of suppliers. (monopoly) There are some publishers for the video game industry (electronic Arts, Konami, take-two Interactive, Activision etc.)| high| Information about suppliers’ product| The suppliers should be aware their product (consoles, software and title games), as these suppliers have minimal competition, they hold strong power and influence.| Low| Supplier profitability| Suppliers are able to bargain because there are few rivals and highly profitable nature. | Extremely high| Overall: medium| Bargaining power of buyers| | | Switching costs of buyers: | Switching costs of buyers is low; the power of buyers will be high. Buyer can easily switch to a rival product, which depends on the products’ quality and price and there are almost no switching costs for customers| Extremely high| Buyer concentration: | The number of buyers is related to whole industry. Massive numbers of buyers on video game industry. | Medium| Presence of substitute inputs: | The ‘big 3’ is not just competing against with each other, they are also competing against other entertainment, such as online games and twitterThere are lots of substitute are present to convert the buyer| Extremely high| Buyer profitability| If the buyers are unprofitable, they are unable to bargain.Since economic decrease and high levels of unemployment, people will be entertaining less.| High| Overall: high| Power of substitutes| | | Relative price/quality of substitutes| Wii, Xbox 360 and PS3 although have their own specialties and advantages in different areas, but substitution is  also available and possible. It depends on price and quality of the console.| Extremely high| Buy propensity to substitutes| Video games market is huge, customers tend to be varied. The key assessment for winning in video games market is to catch the consumers’ propensity. Develop their own advantaged area, and create a new strategic to attract the new customers.| Extremely high| Switching cost| The ease of buyers switching products.It is very simple for the customers to switch to a different product as it cost them less and with similar experience.| High| Overall: extremely high| Intensity of industry rivals| | | Industry growth rate| Growing rapidly in recent years, but grow slowly now because of the economic recession. However, the trend is positively growing.| Extremely high| Exit barriers| Significant exits costs because the capital to enter the industry is so high (including technological talents hiring, equipment cost and advertising) and spends too much time for preparing. | Extremely high| Overall: extremely high| References Consalvo, M 2006, ‘Console video games and global corporations Creating a hybrid culture’ viewed 28 August 2011 http://nms.sagepub.com/content/8/1/117.short Dietz, T, 1998, ‘An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior’ Volume 38, No. 5-6, p425-442 Flacy, M, 2011, ‘NPD: Video game sales in July fall to the lowest level in five years’ viewed 29 August 2011 http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/npd-video-game-sales-in-july-fall-to-the-lowest-level-in-five-years/ Grant, R.M., 2010, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Sussex. Wiley p.680-691 Hubbard, G, Rice, J Beamish, P, 2008, Strategic Management: Thinking, analysis and Action, 3rd edition, Pearson Education, Australia. Haberberg, A, Rieple, A 2008, Strategic Management: Theory and Application, Oxford University Press, NY. Pearce, JA 2009, Formulation, implementation, and control of competitive strategy, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, America, New York. Williams, D, 2002, ‘Structure and Competition in the U.S. Home Video Game Industry’ the International Journal on Media Management Vol. 4, No. 1, p.41 – 54

Women And Homophobia In Sports Media Essay

Women And Homophobia In Sports Media Essay Violence and Sport a book written by Michael Smith was an excellent reading that portrayed many different aspects on sports. It will allow the reader to see how violent sports have gotten over time as well as other mainstream issues that occur on not just in the United States but as well as on a global level. It is also noted how violence is perceived as a serious social problem and that there is no doubt that the levels of violence has risen over the past couple of decades and how race, women, and homophobia has played a role in world of sports. This is an ongoing issue even today in the modern age and it will take a considerable amount of time and effort to correct the problems that we are facing in sports dealing with race, women, and homophobia in competitive sports. It was stated by John Walsh, Senior Vice President and Executive Editor of the sports cable network ESPN claims, Sports have moved from being a subculture to becoming a major force in Americas social and cultural landscape. (CNN, 2010) Society demonstrates to be sympathetic to inviting sports into their culture.   The passion over sports issues can rival the intensity of political debates.   According to the U.S. News poll on CNN, this mindset constitutes about a third of the adult population and is mainly comprised of a population who inquire that they play sports at least a couple of times a week or the ones who watch sports matches on television, several times during the week (Banks, 2009). Societys participation in sports involves issues and biases dealing with the minority groups such as; gender, ethnicity and homosexuality. Societys labels and limitations in the sport world are slowly starting to liquefy. The athletic continuum is starting to become a popular way for societ y to express its cultural diversity, awareness and acceptance allowing people to experience a feeling of heimat. According to Banks, the idiom of sports is the way that many Americans and countries feel most engaged and comfortable, talking about racial issues, standards of excellence, comparative worth, even right and wrong. (Banks, 2009) Many countries are moving forward in their positive thinking of sports.   The Olympics was once noted as the war of nations and how it was a sense of belonging to that person representing their particular country. In this day in age it still is. For example when Jusain Bolt won the 100 and 200 and broke the record for both. Many Americans were tied to that record because it was set by an American and now we no longer hold the record the Jamaicans do and is believed to hold for years to come. However, now people enjoy admiring and applauding individual talent regardless of the athletes origin, yet still maintaining that feeling of heimat. Athletics has become a major beneficial and influential power towards any nations society as a whole.   The Bozell poll survey, which is conducted by CNN that obtains peoples opinion, states, that Americans think spectator sports have a positive impact on society and that competitive sports help children to learn valuable life lessons that they will carry with them through their adult life. The poll also reveals that it is a possibility that the lessons of sports provide a positive outlook in other lifes issues.   It is strongly believed with ninety one percent consider participation in sports help people broaden their mind in dealing with those from different racial or ethnic background; seventy-seven percent agree that sports help people to become better parents, and sixty eight percent believe that sports could help people get along better with people of who is of the opposite genders. (Bozell Poll Survey, 2004) The involvement in womens sports is rapidly growing across the globe.   During the time of 1971-72 roughly thirty thousand women were participating in college sports and by 1994-95 their participation rate sky rocketed to over 110,000.   In high school the involvement levels rose from 300,000 to more than 2 million.   (Hoberman, 1999) Important historical events in history have thrust women into the world of sports.   Upon performing more research it is noted, dating back to the 1800s the first known womens golf tournament is held at the Mussleburgh Golf Club in Scotland among the women who were local fishwives, the first intercollegiate womens tennis club started in 1881 at Smith College, and around 1896 a woman living in Athens ran the marathon. During the 1900s  women were starting to perform in the Olympics in Paris and slowly started to diffuse into other countries allowing more participation from women. The All American Girls Professional Baseball League was formed during the mid 1900s, a sex chromatin test for women athletes was introduced as a prerequisite for Olympic competition, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women was organized to enforce sport opportunities for college women, forcing the NCAA to allow women participants in college and soon after Title IX is imposed. (Smith, 2001) Title IX is a huge force towards the positive cultural movement for women in sports in America.   Title IX was passed in 1972 and allowed provided guaranteed equal access and opportunity for women in throughout all college sports.   Recruiting, scholarships and athletic benefits were made widely available.   The new law helped to view the seriousness of the female athletes and helped to destroy the outd ated views of women in sports. Diversity and sensitivity training is starting to become a major focus in high schools, universities and corporations throughout the world. (Smith, 2001)   Several workshops and seminars strive to educate, dispel and aid in rebuild the institutions ideas on gender equality.   Huge strides by the male gender are being made to exercise the appreciate womens roles in sports. An example is the mens wrestling and rugby teams at Northeastern University organize an annual breakfast in honor of National Girls and Women in Sports Day still today. The Womens Sports Foundation is one of many different organizations striving for gender equality in sports across the nation and globe.   Their main goal is To Promote the lifelong participation of all girls and women in sports and fitness, and to create an educated public that encourages females participation and supports gender equality. (King, 2008) Not only are support groups and foundations fighting for the rights of women in sports but th e media is also attempting to support the growth of female athletes in both college and professional sports. However this is not the only emerging problem within the sport world. Many people have a weird fear and discrimination of people who are homosexual or different than them. Homophobia is emerging as a huge issue in womens sports and not so much in mens.   Although society to a certain extent has become slightly more accepting of homosexuality in general, some women are somewhat intimidated from sport by fear of being classified as a lesbian.   (Smith, 2001) Homophobia is real life issue but serious positive ways of thinking are being made.   Gay rights activists and other supportive groups such as Gay, Lesbian BGLAD, have joined alliances to help fight the discrimination of homosexuals involved in sports.   Gay magazines, newspapers, books and websites help everyone in the society to understand and respect all individuals regardless of sexual preference and are being diffused into different cultures across the world. Because of this many people are being educated of the different rights that homosexuality has and that they are no different from someone who is heterosexual. Some major steps are being taken such as by the man named Eric Gumby Ande rson; the first openly gay high school track coach in America has noted his long struggle to bridge the huge gap between sports and being gay.   Even though Erics gayness was highly criticized with strong opposition he believed that he had something to attest to the world dealing with gay coaches or even gay athletes.   Anderson would like to make an impact on high school athletes anywhere and everywhere. Another act of revealing their true identity and who they are is an article Coming Out Part 1 and Part 2 about a high school, varsity captain football player coming out to the community.   Corey Johnson from Massachusetts did not want to hide his secret any longer from all of his family and friends. However some community members expressed their detestation towards him, the majority of the community accepted him with open arms and little hostility. Coreys teammates were amenable to the situation and Corey continued to be the co-captain of the football team and become a massiv e icon in the gay activist community. Corey Johnsons announcement was seen as a visionary act. Coreys situation is a great moment for society and could possibly  perhaps help to prove to be another positive cultural influence through sports. With Corey and Coach Anderson coming out openly to the public this is believed to prove to be a step in a positive direction. This will help with gay, lesbian, and bisexuals everywhere. Women and homosexuals are just two groups of minorities in sports.   Children and adults of color and poor socio-economic communities have historically been rejected from the world of athletics. (Smith, 2001)   Many different organizations and support groups have been formed to cultivate minority participation in sports. Noted by Michael Smith, Inner City Handball Associates helps children of low economic backgrounds and different ethnicities to become involved in sport.   Their mission is; To give every child the opportunity to explore their full potential and develop an academically disciplined mind and a strong health body.   To help nurture a strong sense of pride and motivate our youth to be the best at whatever they choose to be.   While also encouraging the youth to volunteer, to help rebuild and strengthen their communities creating their own positive role models for future generations to follow.   In the past decades minorities have been place in somewhat of a caste system.   The black athletes were always the football players or the basketball players and the sports like golf and tennis were for whites majority of the time. (Smith, 2001) Minorities absence in sports has drawn the attention of Former President Clinton.   In the article, Clinton Needles Sports World for Not Hiring Minorities, he addressed the fact the minorities are not being hired as coaches and administrators in college and in professional sports.   He also stated, Ive hired hundreds and hundreds of minorities as governor the governor of Arkansas and as presidents of different organizations, Clinton said.   Nobody ever accused me of giving jobs to people that werent qualified. (Constantine, 1997). Advancements for the inclusion of minorities in sports have been noted since then. Major improvements have occurred since then. Some of these examples are an increase in college and professional football coaches as well as basketball, administration positions have been earned by many minority educators, and even now an African American president. When one observes the sport world in the European countries it has changed quite significantly during the past few decades. It use to be that blacks were not allowed to participate with whites in rugby and other sports so they were forced to create their own leagues but were allowed to play against the stronger white leagues. (Goldstein, 1983) However now this is not the case major changes were made and are not like this anymore. Also noted by Clinton is by saying, it is obvious that athletics are leading America towards a better, more harmonious society, and that he hoped that those involved in sports would also learn good life skills and t o make good decisions.   Its important that the lessons they learn carry over to good citizenship, including attitudes about people of different races. (Constantine, 1997) Michael Smith provides some detailing information on minorities entering the NASCAR field that is predominately still white. He highlights the struggle for minorities to break into the stereotypically white world of racecar driving.   Wendell Scott became the one and only African American to win the NASCAR in 1963, afterwards no other African American could follow behind him in his footsteps.   Now African Americans are slowly being turned onto NASCAR not only as fans but also as racers at times. However African Americans still have yet to become drawn in as a major force to perform among the high level of NASCAR. Though racial inequality exists, NASCAR is pushing for a more positive cultural acceptance of diversity in the society of sports. Well we hope the racial climate reflects America.   Thats what we want the sport to reflect. I mean we feel this is possible the most American professional sport there is stated Richard Petty. He also stated that, Whether they are red white or purple theyre welcome to try just like anyone else. At one point in time there were two black race car owners, basketball great Julius Erving and former Redskins running back Joe Washington have spent a few unsuccessful years in the Busch Series, but do not blame racism. (Smith, 2001) NASCAR and most athletic organizations admit willingly that racial equality has not yet been achieved in the society of sports.   Optimistically the trend of diversity could possibly continue in America and make a positive cultural influence in todays society. It is a noticeable trend that other countries athletes are becoming popular in America. This succeeds in not only diversifying sports but also including a globalization perspective to include other countrys cultural aspects of sport and helping with the issue of equality. Many organizations have been formed worldwide to open up athletic opportunities to people of all ethnicities and to serve as an exchange of culture.  Ã‚  Societys labels are progressively losing their footholds in the world of sports. Though it is hard to dispute that Americans and other countries have a long way to fully achieve equality in sports, accept homosexuals in sport, and different races and ethnicities,  I believe that it is safe to say that a movement towards a positive cultural influence of sports in society is obvious. I believe that the book Violence and Sport is a book worth reading and is very educating in dealing with different aspects of life, different sports and different views into how people perceive sport as their sense of belonging or how sport is slowly starting to diffuse into different countries cultures including some here in America where different races are breaking ground in different sports and accepting that person for who they are and not caring of their race, gender, or sexuality.

The Truth About Area 51

The Truth About Area 51 Area 51 is a United States Air Force base that is a detachment of Edwards Air Force base. Area 51 is secluded from the public and no one is allowed there without permission from the United States government. Area 51 is located in Nevada eighty-three miles away from Las Vegas. There are many people who have many conspiracies about Area 51 and what actually happens inside of the base. In Area 51 there is no extraterrestrial activity. Area 51 is located in the United States of America near the west coast in Nevada, The CIA gave out the location of Area 51 due to it being against the law for them not to. The CIA was forced to give out where area 51 was because of the Freedom of Information law. The law allows members of the public to access records of governmental agencies. Area 51, about 83 miles northwest of Las Vegas, is synonymous in popular culture with government secrecy, and many have theorized that it holds the answer to one of the greatest questions plaguing mankind: Are we really alone in the universe? (Koran 1). Area 51 is in Nevada but it is far away from the most popular city in the state Las Vegas most likely to keep it away from the public so that they do not interfere with anything going on in or around the base. The government had to give out documents about Area 51 because of it being the law in the United States. The documents made repeated references to Area 51 and detailed how it was selected a s a testing area by the CIA, the U.S. Air Force and defense contractor Lockheed because of its remote location. They even included a map that confirmed its exact location (Kiger 1). The documents that the government has released about Area 51 explained that the CIA used it as a testing center and where it was on a map. The have been assumptions made that the government tried to clone extraterrestrials, but the government has denied it. People have assumed that Area 51 is where aliens will be if they are on Earth and they believe that thats where the moon landing was actually filmed. Ts the most famous military institution in the world that doesnt officially exist. If it did, it would be found about 80 miles outside Las Vegas in Nevadas high desert, (Jackson 1) Area 51 is far away from the public because of the government not wanting anyone to be around it. Area 51 is in an interesting location because the government using an air force base and not making a different base and hiding it better than they did. There are people who believe in Area 51 that there is extraterrestrial activity, meaning they believe that there are aliens inside of Area 51. Some theorize that the aliens are actually the ones running the show and that their goal is to create a human-alien hybrid (Dark Government 1) People think that Area 51 is actually ran by aliens and the government is hiding the fact that the aliens are working on something that the public doesnt know about. There are people who think that government officials at Area 51 salvage alien technology from UFOs and use it for their own personal use. People think that there are pilots who take aliens technology and use it for their own advantage against the aliens and then take the rest of the alien technology and use it to study. There are some people who have come up with the theory that aliens are allowed to abduct anyone they want to. People who think that aliens are allowed to abduct people so that they can do tests on them whenever they want are being ridiculous. There is a theory that theorists came up with that says aliens are trying to create a hybrid creatures because they are unable to reproduce on their own. People are thinking that aliens cant reproduce their own species anymore, so they are attempting to use humans to help with that. In the 1990s, declassified documents said that the object recovered at Roswell was actually a balloon created for a surveillance program called Project Mogul. The weather balloon story was a cover for this secret project. Of course, UFO believers say that the spy balloon story is also a cover, and that the Army really did recover an alien craft. (Strickland 1). People believe from the Roswell crash documents that the government released that the story the government gave the public is fake and that the government recovered an alien craft and are hiding it from the public. There was an alleged alien spaceship that crashed at Roswell, New Mexico and there are theories that the government met extraterrestrials from the spaceship and were able to use alien technology. If someone saw the alleged spaceship crash, then they surely wouldve seen aliens too if it was actually a spaceship. There are theories saying that the government have met with aliens and have studied alien technology. There are many people who believe that there are aliens at Area 51 and that they are running the show. Some people have seen a UFO over Washington State. The wasa press release that stated the government had recovered the remains of an unidentified flying object. (Darkgovernment.com 1). The army retracted the statement very quickly most likely because they didnt want the public to be informed about the UFO. The army claimed that it was just a weather balloon. UFO sightings arent necessarily aliens, they are government aircrafts that are being tested and are seen by people. Even though there have been representatives from the Air Force that have denied that aliens have anything to do with Area 51 that just makes people come up with even crazier conspiracy theories. The existence of aliens are Area 51 have been denied multiple times but people wont believe it because they dont trust the government. Major Bolden also admitted that Area 51 existed, but said the US government was not hiding alien life there. (Knapton 1) Major Bolden is the head of NASA and he would know if theres alien lif e more than anyone else. Hundreds of pages describe the genesis of the Nevada site that was home to the governments spy plane program for decades. The documents do not, however, mention aliens. (Bump 1) Area 51 has been the governments area to hold their planes. But they deny the fact of there being aliens. Veterans are talking, and-surprise! Surprise!-they arent telling any tales of space aliens or UFOs: (Orac 1) There are people who have worked at Area 51 and they arent mentioning aliens. There are a few things people dont understand about UFO conspiracy theories. If there are aliens, why would they come to Earth out of all places? Why would aliens come to Earth out of everywhere they could go in the universe. It is very surprising that an interview with an extraterrestrial thing is happening in the dark. While the narrator (Victor) mentions that the room has been kept dark on purpose for the comfort of the aliens, but that does not explain the reason behind the darkness. The alien didnt look to be too sensitive to the torch beams at the end of the video though. (Jones 1) The interview was in the dark, so no one could see the alien. This makes people believe that the alien was a costume with someone in it or with no one in it at all. The United States Air Force base Area 51 is a detachment from the Edwards Air Force base in Nevada. Area 51 is far away from the public because the government does not want anyone near it. The government will stop anyone thats approaching the base before they can get to it. There are trucks that drive around the perimeter of the base. There are people who believe there is extraterrestrial activity in Area 51 and there are others who believe there is no extraterrestrial activity inside of Area 51. There is no extraterrestrial activity inside of Area 51. Works Cited Aliens Everything You Want to Know. Accessed 4 Jan. 2017. The Atlantic. 13 Aug. 2013, Accessed 22 Dec. 2016. DarkGovernment, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. How Stuff Works. HowStuffWorks, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. Jacobsen, Annie. Untitled post. LA Times, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. Knapton, Sarah. Untitled post. The Telegraph, 19 June 2015, Accessed 20 Dec. 2016. Koran, Laura. Untitled post. CNN, 16 Aug. 2013, Accessed 22 Dec. 2016. Orac. Weblog post. ScienceBlogs, 1 Apr. 2010, Accessed 4 Jan. 2017.

Self-Rated Competency Essay -- Language

As of 2000, 96% of Hmong households reported Hmong (L1) as the primary spoken language at home with English (L2) not being introduced to a child until later in their development (Reeves & Bennett, 2004). Upon entering school, Hmong children progress into sequential bilingual speakers where L2 is introduced after L1 is already well established. Bilingualism is frequently stated as the use of two or more languages by an individual (ASHA, 2004). Two of the most common types of bilingualism include simultaneous bilingualism (acquisition of both languages occur early on from birth) and sequential bilingualism (exposure to the second language occurs after the first language is already established, usually after 3 years of age). A potential consequence of second-language acquisition is a process called language loss or language attrition. Language attrition is defined as a process where â€Å"a person may loose his/her ability to speak, write, read, and/or understand a particular language or dialect due to a lack of use or exposure† (ASHA, 2004). Studies that involve young immigrants in the United States found that younger immigrants were more likely to switch language dominance for L1 to L2 and were more likely to rate L2 fluency higher (Jia et al, 2002; Shi, 2011). Several studies have demonstrated that sequential bilingual speakers can provide valid self-ratings of competency in L2 and the variables or factors that could affect L2 competency (Shi, 2011; Westermeyer & Her, 1996; Jia et al, 2002). The following three studies provide further evidence of the correlation of using subjective (self-rating) and objective measures to examine receptive and expressive competency in L1 and L2. Westermeyer and Her (1996) conducted a longit... ...istically appropriate services [Knowledge and Skills]. Available from www.asha.org/policy. Jia, G., Aaronson, D., & Wu, Y. (2002). Long-term language attainment of bilingual immigrants: Predicative variables and language group differences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23, 599 – 621. Reeves, T. J. & Bennett, C. E. (2004). We the people: Asians in the United States. United States Consensus 2000. Shi, L. (2011). How â€Å"proficient† is proficient? Subjective proficiency as a predictor of bilingual listeners’ recognition of English words. American Journal of Audiology [serial online]. June 2011; 20(1): 19 – 32. Available from: Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), Ipswich, MA. Westermeyer, J., & Her, C. (1996). Predictors of English fluency among Hmong refugees in Minnesota: A longitudinal study. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 2(2), 125 – 132.

Causes Of Civil War :: essays research papers

Causes Of Civil War As members of the Futurist of America Association, we have been assigned to look specifically at the cause of the American Civil #War. There are five aspects that could of led to the Civil War and they are Westward Movement, Social Change, Froeign Policy Development, Government/Politics Development, and Economic Development. Out of the five aspects, Economic Development is the best reason for the eventual Civil War. First, Westward Movement could of led to American Civil War because of the Louisiana Purchase, Wilmont Proviso, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignity, Compromise of 1850, Missouri Compromise, "Bleeding Kansas",   California Gold Rush, Manifest Destiny, and the Mistreatment of Native Americans. The Louisiana Purchase was done by President Jefferson because he wanted to doubled the size of the United States and to get control of   New Orleans. Wilmont Proviso was to ban slaves from territories that might gbe aquired from Mexico. Kansas- Nebraska Act was the result of Douglas wanting to build railroads from Chicago to San Franciso. Douglas was a big believer in popular sovereignity, where the people have the right to decide if they want to be free of slave state, and he completely ignore the Missoure Compromise. The Compromise of 1850 stated that should be equal number of free and slave states. The Missouri Compromise said that any state above the latitude of 36 30' can not be a slave state. "Bleeding Kansas" was where people were fighting over the issue of slavery and cost many American Lives. The California Gold Rust occurred when gold was discovered in California and people rushed out to California.When California apply for statehood, it cause huge problems because North and the South wanted control of the gold in the state. Manifest Destiny was where Americans believe that they had the right to expand westward. The Treatment of Native Americans was hoorible because Americans believe they were superior to the Native Americans. All these issues seperated the North form the South because each side a different view on each issue. Westward Movement could of led to the Civil War, but did not because of Henry Clay. When the Westward Movemet occurred new states started to enter the union. This is where the promblems begins. Missouri was the first state, other than Louisiana, to enter the union from the Louisiana Purchase and will give impications on the status of slavery west of the Mississippi. If   Missouri enter the union as a free state, then the North will get control of the House of Representatives because they would have more representatives. If Missouri enter the union as slave, the South will get control over the House.

Quality Management Essay

What are product, delivery process and services? Indentify and explain one definition that you will be using for this assignment. The company my chose is Burger King. Definition of product: A product is tangible with a physical form. Its design is to fit into a specific purpose defined by the customer of a target market. It is produced through a manufacturing process with specification. The customers will evaluate product’s performance against its price while using it. A product has to be designed for use safely and environment friendly, as often one of the guiding principle. For example, the Burger King’s product, and some of history. When the predecessor of international fast food restaurant chain Burger King (BK) first opened in 1953, its menu predominantly consisted of hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks, milkshakes, and desserts. After being acquired by its Miami, Florida franchisees and renamed in 1954, BK began expanding its menu by adding the Whopper sandwich in 1957, and has since added non-beef items such as chicken, fish, and vegetarian offerings, including salads and meatless sandwiches. Other additions include a breakfast menu and beverages such as Icees, juices, and bottled waters. As the company expanded both inside and outside the United States, it introduced localized versions of its products that conform to regional tastes and cultural or religious beliefs. To generate additional sales, BK occasionally introduces limited-time offers of special versions of its products, or brings out completely new products intended for either long- or short-term sales. Burger king, in general, the main business is fast food, and taste delicious, can satisfy the needs of the customers. (Burger King Product, 2013) Delivery Process The delivery process usually involves six factors: The accountable product/service provider and his product/service suppliers (e. g. the people) Equipment used to provide the product/service (e. g. vehicles, cash registers, technical systems, computer systems) The physical facilities (e. g. buildings, parking, waiting rooms) The requesting product/service consumer Other customers at the delivery location Customer contact The service encounter is defined as all activities involved in the service delivery process. Some service managers use the term â€Å"moment of truth† to indicate that defining point in a specific service encounter where interactions are most intense. Service is through a delivery process meeting and exceeding customer’s expectations. It consists of many back – and front-stage activities where the customer interacts directly or indirectly with the service organization. The purpose of the interaction is To satisfy specific needs and wants of the customer, In a way that meets the customer’s expectations and gives value to him/her. Each customer contact is called a moment of truth. Customer is either satisfy or dissatisfy them when you contact them. For example, a massage shop provide massage services. The services they provide is intangible, and can help the customers to relax. In Burger King, there is also some services provided. For example, when customers order at the counter, the staff will serve the customers by providing them ordering services. When the food is not ready, the customers will take a queue number and take a seat first. When the food is ready, the staff will deliver the food to their table. This is also another services. Thus in Burger King, although they are selling products, but they also provide certain services to add value to customers. 1. 2 Explain and illustrate, in the quality system, the processes of inspection and assurance. Quality assurance inspection is defined as the assessment of characteristics with respect to defined standards in order to assure quality to the customers for any industry of business. Any quality monitoring inspection process consists of the following steps Deciding the sample size – The sample size for quality inspection is decided based on the total lot size to be inspected and the criticality of the characteristics involved. International standards such as ISO 2859 help the inspector to decide the right sample size for the inspection. Selection of samples – Once the sample size is decided, the next step is in the inspection process is selection of the samples. Based on this sample, a decision needs to be taken on the entire lot so it should be a true representative of the lot. To ensure this, the samples should be selected randomly. Measuring or Testing – Once the samples have been selected randomly, these need to be measured and tested. Various standards are available which can be used depending upon the characteristics to be measured or tested. Sometimes the customers may ask for the tests as per their procedures, which may be more stringent than the standards adopted by the organization. However, these terms and conditions need to be agreed upon before entering into a contract with the customer. Examining – Some characteristics only need to be visually examined or inspected. These characteristics may look easy but these are the ones, which may become a point of controversy, since these are subjective in nature. For e. g. shade of the color. Again standards come to an inspectors rescue at this time. Moreover, measurement system analysis helps in removing any doubts on measurement, testing or examining. Comparing with specifications – The results of measurement, test results, results of visual examination need to be then compared with the agreed specifications to decide if the goods or the services meets them the very purpose of a QA inspection. If the samples tested meet the specifications, the entire lot is accepted, otherwise it is rejected. Deciding on subsequent action – Based on the quality inspection results and the comparison of the same with the specifications a decision on a lot is taken. The important point to be noted here is the kind of action initiated if the lot does not meet the specifications. If the manufacturer takes action only to dispose off the defect then the defect may reoccur in the next lot too. All this results in wastage of various resources. The right approach in such cases is to find the real reason or the root cause of the defect and then take corrective and preventive action to eliminate these causes and hence assure good quality.

I’M Afraid of Getting Older

â€Å"I’m Afraid of Getting Older! † Are you afraid of getting older? Are you ready enough to face aging? Most of us think that â€Å"getting older† means having wrinkles, turning of hair color from black to white, receding hairline, visual blurring and a lot more horrifying physical changes in our body. We live in a world that is obsessed with looking young and beautiful. Faced with loss of youth, many of us feel profound fear, loneliness, and regret—which leads to the depressing idea that the best years of our lives are behind us. But, is getting older a truly scary dream visualized by most of the youth nowadays? Actually, getting older is not as frightening as it seems. We should come to understand that getting old and †¦ yes, even dying is all part of life. Nothing stops the march of time. We can't stop it, we can only accept it and be gracious about it. That is what we need to choose, accepting the fact that no one can stay young in his/her lifetime. Life is for living, giving and experiencing – We got to do all and as much to appreciate it. And who says that all of the elders (about the age of 60 and above) are sickly and worthless? There are tons and tons and tons of really healthy, financially stable, elderly people nowadays . It’s just all about the choices you make while you are still young. If you live an incredibly healthy life, make wise decisions with your finances and live life to its fullest while you're young, then its highly likely you'll do just fine in your later years. There are endless things for us to enjoy as we get older. One of this is the pleasure of being a grandparent. No grandparent can ever explain how happy and lucky it is to be one! Just keep in mind that human being is a reflection of The Triune God. We are made in His image in this way. The physical is the least important, so it is at the bottom. Next comes the soul (emotions, will, and mind). At the top is our spiritual. And yet it seems most of the time people are trying to improve the body and the mind! So for the people out there who are worried of aging, just keep in mind that the more you think of getting older, the sooner it gets! 🙂

FA Premier League Ticketing Policy

FA PREMIER LEAGUE TICKETING POLICY Home Match FA Premier League ticketing policy Match Tickets for home FA Premier League games are sold as follows:Match Tickets will go on sale 42 days before the fixture – where 42 days falls on a Saturday or Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale on the following Monday or if Monday is a â€Å"Bank Holiday†, then Tuesday:Week 1 of sales at 1 per Member only.Week 2 of sales of up to 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder).Week 3 – general sale (maximum of 4 per person) – subject to availability. A premium of  £5 per adult Match Ticket and  £2.50 per juvenile/Senior Citizen Match Ticket will be applied to all non-corporate Match Tickets sold during the general sale period. The premium for general sale Match Tickets has been introduced as part of the ongoing initiative to stop the flow of Match Tickets t o ticket touts.All Match Ticket on sale dates and times are subject to change.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to review the number of Match Tickets Members/Season Ticket Holders can purchase on a match by match basis.95% of Match Tickets will be on sale via www.chelseafc.com with the remaining 5% being sold at the box office to personal callers and via call centre on 0871 984 1905****.FA Premier League Matches will now be priced at category AA, category A or category B. Match Tickets for Matches against Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United and Tottenham will be priced at category AA. Aston Villa, Everton, Fulham, Newcastle United, Queens Park Rangers and West Ham United will be priced at category A. All remaining Matches will be priced at Category B. Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to change the pricing category of any Match.There will be no upgrades or downgrades on Season TeamCards or Match Tickets.Refunds will only be made in accordance with th e Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Any refunds can be made at the box office providing the Match Tickets are received back no later than 48 hours before the Match. Refunds can only be made on production of the actual Match Ticket.All personal callers at the box office must carry their Season TeamCard or Membership card with them in order to purchase and/or collect Match Tickets.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.All persons irrespective of age must be in possession of a valid Match Ticket. All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.Domestic cup Home Matches Season Ticket Holders will always have a period in which they can reserve their own seat before all Chelsea domestic cup Home Matches.The initial selling date varies depending on the number of days Chelsea Football Club has to sell Match Tickets but procedure will normally follow the following pattern:Initial selling period for Season Ti cket Holders to purchase their own seat*.Then a period at 1 per Member only.Next sales period at 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder)General sale to follow at date to be agreed, subject to availability.The discounted pricing structure for domestic cup Home Matches is subject to agreement prior to each Home Match with the visiting club, as per competition rules. There will be no upgrades or downgrades on Season TeamCards or Match Tickets.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to change the pricing category of any Match.Season Ticket Holders’ seats will be held for a period of 6 days whereby they will be able to purchase their own seat*. The final day will see the reservation removed and Season Ticket Holders who have not purchased or have been moved from the Shed End (where the away club has taken the full allocation) will be able to log in and purchase the seats that are not taken by fellow Season Ticket Holders in the reservation period.These timings may alter if there is a reduced selling period.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.All persons irrespective of age must be in possession of a valid Match Ticket.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.Away Match FA Premier League ticketing policy Match Tickets for FA Premier League Away Matches are sold as follows:All Match Tickets go on sale 28 days before the Match. Where 28 days falls on a Saturday/Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale the following Monday or, if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Tuesday. Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters who are Members of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Match Tickets will be sold as follows:Season Ticket Holders can purchase one Match Ticket per person. Supporters who are part of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme will have their Match Tickets sent out automatically approximately 28 days before the Match.Members can purchase one Match Ticket per person.Season Ticket Holders and Members will be able to purchase an extra 2 Match Tickets (maximum of 3 Match Tickets in total).Match Tickets for fixtures against Wigan will go on general sale subject to availability. All other Away Matches will NOT go on general sale.Match Ticket on sale dates and times are subject to change.These Match Tickets will be allocated on a first come, first served basis. 95% of Match Tickets for each game will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and via the call centre on 0871 984 1905****.If Chelsea Football Club does not sell the entirety of its Away Match Ticket allocation, no refunds will be offered and/or Match Tickets r edeemed.Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Any refunds may be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets received by Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match. Refunds can only be made on production of the actual Match Ticket. Match Tickets not collected from the box office will not be refunded under any circumstances.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme For the 2013/14 season, only Season Ticket Holders will be eligible to apply to join this away scheme, as well as 200 Members.Initially, all existing supporters in the 2012/13 FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme will be given an opportunity to renew before new applications are invited from any other Season Ticket Holder, until the scheme reaches a capacity of 800 Season Ticket Holders. Chelsea FC will also have 200 spaces for Members to be part of this scheme on a first come first served basis. The scheme will have a maximum of 1000 supporters in total.The Away Match season ticket will cost  £880 and will be payable by direct debit. This will be payable over 8 monthly payments (final instalment is not a fixed amount). If at the end of the season the cost of the 19 FA Premier League Away Matches is more or less than the  £880 the eighth and final instalment will be changed accordingly. All Match Tickets will be sent out automatically approximately 28 days prior to the Match (subject to the Match Tickets arriving from the away club).Supporters on the scheme will receive all concession discounts offered to Chelsea from the away team.Domestic cup Away Match Ticket scheme (excluding FA Cup/League Cup Finals and FA Cup semi-finals) For the 2013/14 season, subject to availability, first priority on domestic cup Away Match Tickets will be given to those in the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme. Supporters on this scheme will be given a priority period where they can purchase a Match Ticket. This will not be a compulsory purchase and supporters on this scheme will not be removed if they do not purchase.Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters who are Members of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Away Match Tickets will NOT go on general sale, unless otherwise stated.Platinum supporters clubs will have an allocation of a maximum of 150 Match Tickets to distribute to their group Members (who must also be official Chelsea Football Club Season Ticket Holders or Members).If demand for an Away Match outweighs supply, priority will be given to away scheme Members who purchased Match Tickets for all UK Away Matches in 2012/13 season.Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. S uch refunds can be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets received by Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match.League Cup Semi-Finals will follow the above sales procedure.If Chelsea Football Club does not sell the entirety of its Away Match Ticket allocation, no refunds will be offered and/or redeemed.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE TICKETING POLICY UEFA Champions League Home Match pricing policy and selling arrangements Tickets for UEFA Champions League Home Matches will go on sale as follows:Initial selling period for Season Ticket Holders to purchase their own seat*.Then a period at 1 per Member only.Next sales period at 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder)General sale to follow at date to be agreed, subject to availability.These timings may alter if there is a reduced selling period, especially for knockout stage games, though phasing will stay the same.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to review the number of Match Tickets Members/Season Ticket Holders can purchase on a Match by Match basis.Any Season Ticket Holders who are displaced in the Ground due to outside broadcast/UEFA requests will be able to purchase an available seat elsewhere in a non-corporate area within the Ground at their current seat price.Season Ticket Holders' seats will be held for 6 days*. The final day will see the reservation removed and Season Ticket Holders who have not purchased or have been moved for outside broadcasting reasons will be able to log in and purchase the seats that are not taken by fellow Season Ticket Holders in the reservation period.Juvenile and Senior Citizen Season Ticket Holders may purchase their own seat at a 50% concession for UEFA Champions League knockout stage Matches only (excluding the East Stan d). This discount will only apply in the reservation period for supporters whose seats are not affected by the outside broadcasting areas. Season Ticket Holders who have to move seats due to the outside broadcasting area will be able to apply for the discount on the final Season Ticket Holder day where the reservation period has been removed.Round of 16 Matches will be priced at category A Match Ticket prices. Quarter finals and semi-final Matches will be priced at category AA.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the stadium.UEFA Champions League Away Match Ticket scheme Initially, all existing supporters in the 2012/13 away UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme will be given an opportunity to renew before new applications are invited from any other Season Ticket Holder/Member, until the scheme reaches a capacity of 800 Season Ticket Holders. Chelsea Football Club will also have 200 spaces for Members to be pa rt of this scheme on a first come first served basis. The scheme will have a maximum of 1000 supporters in total.Supporters on the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme will be given a priority period where they can purchase a Match Ticket. Failure to purchase within this reservation period will not result in removal from the scheme, however a seat will no longer be guaranteed. Supporters will then need to purchase Match Tickets in the relevant purchasing period (Season Ticket Holders in the Season Ticket Holder period and Members in the Member period). Tickets are sold subject to availability.Supporters on the scheme can miss one Match and will not be removed from the scheme. Supporters will be removed from the scheme if they do not collect the Match Tickets they have purchased from the box office or fail to purchase Match Tickets for two or more Matches.All supporters completing the declaration form may be asked to provide proof of transport booking (non-UK matches only).If dema nd for an Away Match outweighs supply, priority will be given to UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme Members who also purchased Match Tickets for all UEFA Away Matches in the 2012/13 season.The Away Match Ticket scheme holders within the scheme get first option on Match Tickets for all UEFA Champions League Away Matches, subject to availability.All Match Tickets go on sale 28 days before the Match. Where 28 days falls on a Saturday/Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale the following Monday or, if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Match Tickets will go on sale the following Tuesday.Additionally, hospitality sales will receive 10% of the allocation from the away club. Chelsea Football Club’s travel partner will also receive an allocation from Chelsea Football Club. The Chelsea Football Club travel partner allocation will be sold in line with Chelsea Football Club’s Ticketing Policies.Platinum supporters clubs will also receive 50 Match Tickets (excluding Match Ticket s for the final and the semi-final) where Chelsea Football Club receives more than 2000 Match Tickets from the opposing club.Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters of the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Match Tickets will be sold as follows:supporters who are part of the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme can purchase a Match Ticket within this period. Season Ticket Holders can purchase one Match Ticket per person.Members can purchase one Match Ticket per person.These Match Tickets will be allocated on a first come, first served basis. 95% of Match Tickets for each Match will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and call centre.Match Tickets for Away Matches can be collected from the box office with the fully completed declaration form. Alternatively Match Tickets can be posted out via royal mail special delivery at an extra cost. Supporters who request to have their Match Tickets sent out should note this will be at their own risk. Chelsea Football Club will not be liable in the event that the Match Tickets do not arrive, in which case such tickets cannot be duplicated or refunded. This will also apply to any friends and family purchases made online.In order to ensure that Match Tickets have not been transferred, supporters may be subject to a ticket check at the turnstiles by Chelsea Football Club’s employees and/or officers. Therefore all supporters will be required to be in possession of their Match Ticket and passport (or a copy of the photographic page) when attending the Match.In this instance it may be necessary, for security reasons, to issue the Match Tickets in the host country.Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches are non-transferable and the Season Ticket Holder/Member must be the customer who travels to the Match .Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Such refunds can be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets given to Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match. Match Tickets not collected from the box office will not be refunded under any circumstances.Supporters who do not collect their Match Tickets will not be entitled to a refund and will not be rewarded with loyalty points. Supporters who fail to collect Match Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches will be removed from the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme.All Match Tickets are subject to availability.DUPLICATE TICKET PROCEDURE FOR HOME MATCHES Duplicate Home Match Tickets (Season Ticket Holder’s seats) Season Ticket Holders who DO NOT bring their Season TeamCard with them on matchday must visit the box office on the day of the Match where a duplicate Match Ticket may be issued at a cost of  £5 per Match Ticket. Photographic proof of ID is essential and only the Season Ticket Holder can collect a duplicate Match Ticket. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder who owns the Season TeamCard will be able to collect the replacement Match Ticket.Duplicate Home Match Tickets (general Match Tickets) Supporters who DO NOT bring their Match Tickets with them on matchday or where their Match Tickets have not arrived in the post must visit the box office on the day of the Match where duplicate Match Tickets may be issued at a cost of  £5 per Match Ticket (if lost or damaged). Photographic proof of ID is essential. It is important to note that only the customer who made the original purchase will be able to collect the replacement Home Match Ticket.PROCEDURE FOR AWAY MATCHDAY TICKETS LOST OR STOLEN Duplicate Away Match Tickets (not including UEFA Champions League Matches) Supporters' Match Tickets for an Away Match that do not arrive must contact the Chelsea Football Club call centre on 0871 984 1905**** no earlier than 48 hours before the Match in order to request a duplicate Away Match Ticket. A request will be sent to the away club and a duplicate Away Match Ticket will be made available for collection at the away stadium’s box office. All supporters must attend the relevant away club's box office on the day of the Match with photographic proof of ID to collect the replacement Away Match Ticket(s). We regret that duplicate Away Match Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches cannot be provided unless otherwise stated.FA CUP SEMI-FINAL AND FA CUP/LEAGUE CUP FINAL SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for FA Cup/League Cup finals and FA Cup semi-finals will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets.Match Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as follows:Supporters on the UK Away Match scheme will be able to purchase one Match Ticket per person.Season Ticket Ho lders will gain priority depending on how many loyalty points they have. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Once the Season Ticket Holder sales period is complete, Members will be invited to apply again using the loyalty point method.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE SEMI-FINAL (AWAY LEG) AND FINAL SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for Champions League Semi-Final (Away Leg) and Final will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets on a loyalty point basis.Match Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as follows:The UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme Members will be able to purchase one Match Ticke t per person.Match Tickets will then be sold to Season Ticket Holders on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had a reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Remaining Match Tickets will be sold to Members on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Members with the highest number of loyalty points. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold.For European Away Matches Chelsea Football Club and Chelsea Football Club’s travel partner will both receive an allocation of Match Tickets. Both allocations will be sold on a loyalty point basis initially with the same points totals each day. However once one of the allocations has sold out the remaining allocation will continue to be sold on a loyalty point basis until they are sold out.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availabilitySUPER CUP SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for the Super Cup go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets on a loyalty point basis.Match Tickets for this Match will go on sale as follows:The UEFA Away Match Scheme Members from the end of the 2012-2013 season will be able to purchase one Match Ticket per person.Match Tickets will then be sold to Season Ticket Holders on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points from the previous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had a reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Remaining Match Tickets will be sold to Members on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Members with the highest number of loyalty points from the previ ous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold.For European Away Matches Chelsea Football Club and Chelsea Football Club’s travel partner will both receive an allocation of Match Tickets. Both allocations will be sold on a loyalty point basis initially with the same points totals each day. However once one of the allocations has sold out the remaining allocation will continue to be sold on a loyalty point basis until they are sold out.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.COMMUNITY SHIELD Tickets for the Community Shield will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets.Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as follows:Away Match scheme Members for the 2013-2014 season will be able to purchase one Match Ticket.Season Ticket Holders will gain priority depending on how many loyalty points they have. Ticket s will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points from the previous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Once the Season Ticket Holder sales period is complete, Members will be invited to apply again using loyalty points from the previous season.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.CONCESSIONS Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.Senior citizens Any Season Ticket Holder who qualifies for Senior Citizen concessions during season 2012/13 will be able to renew their seat for season 2013/14 at the Senior Citizen concessional price. Subject to the paragraph below, to qualify as a Senior Citizen you must be 65 or over as of the 31st July 2013.Customers who turn 65 during the season will be able to call the call centre or visit the box office during the reservation period and reserve their seat for cup or UEFA Champions League Matches at the reduced concession price.Supporters who are renewing their Season TeamCards and who previously have held a Senior Citizen concession Season TeamCard will be able to renew for the 2013/2014 season at the concession price.Juveniles To qualify as a juvenile you must be under 18 as of the 31st July 2013.Family centre (East Stand Lower)/East Upper The family centre will continue to operate in the East Lower Stand offering unlimited concessionary seating to juveniles and Senior Citizen concessions.Individual adult Match Tickets are not available for purchase within this area.A maximum of 2 adult seats per juvenile seat are available.TICKETING LOYALTY SCHEME Chelsea Football Club Season Ticket Holders and Members loyalty scheme For the 2013/14 season, the loyalty scheme will continue to operate for all Chelsea F ootball Club Home and Away Matches.Loyalty points will be used prior to domestic cup finals, UEFA Champions League semi-finals and final and the FA Cup semi-final**. Points earned leading up to these Matches will be activated, giving priority on Match Tickets, subject to availability.Points will be awarded dependent on opposition/competition. 1 point: Arsenal Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United TottenhamUEFA Champions League Home Matches in the knockout stages3 points:All other Home and Away Matches in the FA Premier League5 points:FA Cup, League Cup Home and Away Matches, UEFA Champions League group stage Home matches and all UEFA Champions League Away matches.Match Tickets for the Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Queen Park Rangers and Tottenham Home and Away Matches will be sold on a loyalty point basis where possible. In the event that any of these Matches take place in the first month of the season, the previous season’s loyalty points will be taken into account. Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to allow Season Ticket Holders a further opportunity to apply for the Members’ Away Match Ticket allocation should they not sell out in adequate time.Points will not be awarded for attendance at any domestic cup final, UEFA Champions League final, FA Cup semi-final and Final, Super Cup Final, Community Shield or World Club Championships. Loyalty points will only apply to Match Tickets purchased from the box office/call centre and via Thomas Cook for UEFA Champions League Away Matches.Points will be issued per Match and not per Match Ticket.A 5 point bonus will also be awarded to any Member who renews their Membership/enrols for the 2013/14 season before close of business on 31st July 2013. Further point bonuses may be attached to specific Matches during the season.Loyalty points take a minimum of 48 hours to be added to a Season TeamCard/Membership card once a sale has been processed.IF ANY SEASON TICKETS BECOME AVALABLE FOR FUTURE SEASONS THE LOYALTY POINT SCHEME WILL BE USEDDUPLICATE SEASON TEAMCARD PROCEDURE Duplicate Season TeamCards (Lost/Damaged) Season Ticket Holders who have lost or damaged their Season TeamCard must contact the call centre or visit the box office and a duplicate may be issued at a cost of  £25 per card. The Season TeamCard can only be collected from the box office and will not be sent out. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder will be able to collect the replacement Season TeamCard.Duplicate Season TeamCards (Stolen) Season Ticket Holders who have had their Season TeamCard stolen must contact the call centre or visit the box office and a duplicate may be issued with the crime reference number and the police station it has been reported to. The Season TeamCard can only be collected from the box office and will not be sent out. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder will be able to collect the replacement Season TeamCard.Se ason TeamCard Moves Season Ticket Holders will be able to send in their completed Season TeamCard application form stating where they wish to move to. Chelsea Football Club will accommodate seat moves on a first come first come first served basis subject to availability. No seat move is guaranteed and the best available seat will be allocated according to the options stated on the application form.Season TeamCard name changes Season Ticket holders can change the name on their Season TeamCard by sending a letter from the original Season Ticket Holder confirming that they wish to relinquish the seat and who they are passing it to. Should the name be changed before the Season TeamCard is renewed this will be free of charge. However, should a name change take place once the Season TeamCard has been renewed there will be a charge of  £25.MATCH TICKET PURCHASING POLICY General Sale Match Tickets Match Tickets sold on general sale for all Chelsea Football Club FA Premier League Home Matc hes or UEFA Champions League Home Matches will be sold for an additional  £5 for adults and  £2.50 for juveniles/Senior Citizens as compared to the Members’ admission price, subject to availability.Should Match Tickets go on general sale for Champions League Matches, Match Tickets WILL NOT be sold to non-Members who appear to be supporters of the opposing club.Should Match Tickets go on general sale for domestic league or domestic cup Matches, Match Tickets may not go on sale to non Members who live in certain postcodes or areas within the vicinity of the visiting club.As part of its anti-touting policy Chelsea Football Club will not accept cash payments at the box office when Match Tickets are on general sale to non-Members. Photographic identification will also be required for all Match Tickets sold on general sale. General sale Match Tickets may also be retained at the Chelsea Football Club box office for collection on matchday only. Photographic identification will be required to collect the Match Tickets. For the avoidance of doubt, Match Tickets can only be collected by the Ticket Holder who place the Match Ticket order and to whom such Match Tickets are issued.Box office opening hours General box office opening hours for personal callers are as follows:Monday to Friday9:15am – 5pm Non-match day Saturdays9am – 12pm Non-match day SundaysClosed Match days 3pm or earlier kick off 9am – Half time Match days 12:30pm kick off 9am – Half time Match day Saturdays 5:30pm kick off11am – Half time Match day Sundays 3pm or earlier kick off9am – Half time Match day Sundays 4pm kick off10am – Half time Midweek matches 7:45pm/8pm kick off9:15am – Half timeOn home matchdays, Match Ticket sales/collections for all other Matches (excluding the Match played on that day) will not be available less than 2 hours before kick off. This is to assist supporters with collections and enquiries for that particular Ma tch.Call centre opening hours Monday to Friday9:15am – 5pm Non-match day Saturdays9am – 12pm Non-Match day SundaysClosed Match days 3pm kick off 10am – 1pm Match days 12:30pm kick off 9am – 10:30pm Match day Saturdays 5:30pm kick off 12pm – 3:30pm Match day Sundays 3pm or earlier kick off9am – 1pm Match days Sundays 4pm kick off12pm – 2pm Midweek matches 7:45pm/8pm kick off9:15am – 5pmShould a Home Match move from the Saturday to the Sunday the box office and call centre will NOT be open on the Saturday prior to the Match.Methods of payment We currently accept the following methods of payment:Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, and American Express. Cash payments are also accepted at the box office from personal callers only (excluding general sale). Season TeamCard renewals may also be paid for by the Premium Credit/Chelsea Football Club Instalment Plan, which allows payment for the Season TeamCard in six monthly payments.Internet, box office and call centre purchasing Match Tickets may be purchased by Season Ticket Holders/Members at the box office, call centre and www.chelseafc.com.All Match Tickets will go on sale on the internet at 7am. All Home and Away Match Tickets will go on sale at the box office and call centre from 9am.95% of Match Tickets for each Match will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and via the call centre.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to alter this split of Match Tickets between online sales, personal callers and the call centre at any time.Subject to availability, the general public will be able to purchase Match Tickets from www.chelseafc.com, call centre and the box office.Members or Season Ticket Holders who wish to purchase at the box office must have all Season TeamCards or Membership cards with them. Supporters visiting the box office will only be able to purchase a maximum of 10 Match Tickets per person. The customer making the transa ction must be a Season Ticket Holder or Member and must produce photographic identification on request.Match Ticket administrative fee All Match Ticket credit/debit card transactions will be subject to a  £1.50 per Match Ticket administration fee.Restricted view seating Restricted view Match Tickets are recommended for adults only.Membership purchases Supporters purchasing Membership should note that once a Membership is processed Match Tickets cannot be purchased until the Membership is active. Membership can take a minimum of 48 hours to become active before supporters can purchase Match Tickets. The Membership process can also take up to 28 days to be completed which includes communication of the Membership cards.Match Ticket exchange Season Ticket Holders and Members can visit the Ticket Exchange to buy officially authorised Match Tickets. Season Ticket Holders will be able to sell their seats for Home Matches and Members will be able to purchase Match Tickets. This is an onli ne service available from www.chelseafc.com. This process can take a minimum of 48 hours to register once the Membership process is complete.Posting of Match Tickets Chelsea Football Club’s responsibility for Match Tickets ends from the moment the Match Tickets are posted. Chelsea Football Club is therefore not responsible for any failings in the postal system.Touting information If you pay more than the face value of a Match Ticket or have bought a Match Ticket(s) from a tout or an online ticket agency such ticket will be invalid and you are likely to be refused entry or ejected from the stadium. However, if you send details of the Match Tickets to [email  protected] the matter will be investigated and, if the Match Tickets are not forgeries, they will be validated. The unauthorised sale of football tickets is a criminal offence under UK law. Distribution of Match Tickets is only permitted in accordance with clause 4.3 of the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue and providing the Match Ticket is transferred for no more than the face value of the Match Ticket and the pro-rata part of any administration charge.Chelsea Football Club and/or any registered ticket agent will only sell Match Tickets for Chelsea Football Club Matches at face value plus any administration charge.As part of its anti-touting policy Chelsea Football Club will not accept cash payments at the box office when Match Tickets are on general sale to non-Members. Photographic identification will also be required for all Match Tickets sold on general sale. General sale Match Tickets may also be retained at the Chelsea FC box office for collection on matchday only. Photographic identification will be required to collect the Match Tickets. For the avoidance of doubt, Match Tickets can only be collected by the Ticket Holder who placed the Match Ticket order and to whom such Match Tickets are issued.Group bookings Supporters wishing to purchase Match Tickets for 10 or more people can make an app lication by visiting www.chelseafc.com/tickets. Here an application can be made (subject to availability and allocation) for certain Home Matches listed. Applicants will need to complete an application form. Chelsea Football Club will endeavour to respond to the application within 5 working days. Please note that applications cannot be made for Matches that are not listed. Match Tickets will also be priced at the non-Members’ rate.Chelsea Football Club retains the right to review and update this policy at any time during the season.Supporters’ Segregation Home Match Tickets and Season TeamCards are for the use of supporters of Chelsea Football Club only. By applying for these and/or using the same, a supporter warrants and represents that they are a supporter of Chelsea Football Club and, in particular, that they are not supporters of the opposing team at any given Match. Any Ticket Holder who breaches this warranty and representation is liable to be ejected from the G round with no refund or other compensation.ALL POLICIES AND TICKETS ARE SUBJECT TO THE MATCH TICKET CONDITIONS OF ISSUEThis document is designed solely to assist supporters by explaining Chelsea Football Club’s Ticketing Policy. It is not legally binding and is subject to change at any time at the sole discretion of Chelsea Football Club.For the terms and conditions which govern the issue, application for and/or purchase of any Match Tickets referred to within this Ticketing Policy, please refer to Chelsea Football Club’s Match Ticket Conditions of Issue which are available for inspection at www.chelseafc.com. The Match Ticket Conditions of Issue also incorporate the Chelsea Football Club Ground Regulations, which are available for inspection at Chelsea Football Club’s offices and are displayed at all entrances to and elsewhere in the Ground.In the event of any conflict between this Ticketing Policy and the Match Ticket Conditions, the Match Ticket Conditions sh all prevail.Capitalised words and expressions used in this Ticketing Policy shall have the same meanings as those used in the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue.